Baramulla

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (Retd.)
Baramula district map
Jammu and Kashmir

Baramulla (बारामुला) is a city and district in Jammu and Kashmir.

Variants of name

Location

It is located on the banks of Jhelum river downstream of Srinagar.

Founder

According to Alexander Cunningham it was founded as Hushkapura, by the Indo-Scythian (Kushan Jat) prince Hushka, or Huvishka, the brother of Kanishka about the beginning of the Christian era. [1]

Rajatarangini[2] mentions that there were on the throne of Kashmira three kings reigning jointly, namely, Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka ; they built three cities and called these after their names i.e. Hushkapura, Jushkapura and Kanishkapura.

Jat Gotras

Origin of name

Its ancient name was "Varahamula (वराहमूल) (Sanskrit for Boar's Molar).[3]

The modern Baramulla was called Varahamulaksetra or Varahaksetra in the ancient days. Originally, it was a suburb of Huviskapura (modern Ushkur). Associated with the Adivaraha, the boar incarnation of Vishnu, it was considered very sacred. Consequently, many temples and monasteries were built in the ninth and tenth centuries, during the region of Lalitaditya Muktapida, (Queen) Sugandha, and Ksemagupta, when the worship of Vishnu flourished there.

History

This general view of the unexcavated Buddhist stupa near Baramulla, with two figures standing on the summit, and another at the base with measuring scales, was taken by John Burke in 1868. The stupa, which was later excavated, dates to 500 CE.

John Burke - British Museum:

Photograph of a Buddhist stupa mound near Baramulla in Jammu and Kashmir, taken by John Burke in 1868. Buddhism was established in Kashmir from the third century BC but declined by the 8th century AD, eclipsed by Hindu Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Two of the most important sites for Buddhist remains in the Kashmir valley are Harwan near Srinagar and Ushkur near Baramulla. Located 55 km from Srinagar, Baramulla, once an important trading centre under the British at the western entrance to the Kashmir valley, spreads along the banks of the Vitasta (Jhelum). On the left bank is the ancient site of Hushkapur (now Ushkur) said to have been founded by Huvishka, a ruler from the famed Kushana dynasty that ruled portions of Afghanistan and India during the first three centuries AD. When the 7th century Chinese traveller Hieuan Tsang entered Kashmir, he stayed at Ushkur and described it as a flourishing Buddhist centre. This general view of the unexcavated stupa, with two figures standing on the summit, and another at the base with measuring scales, is reproduced in Henry Hardy Cole's Archaeological Survey of India report, 'Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir,' (1869), in which he wrote, 'The locality which includes the remains of a Monastery is called the Jayendra Vihar, and the erection is assigned by local tradition to one 'Praverasena' in A.D. 500. Excavation required.' Stupa bases and other remains were excavated at this mound, and among the discoveries were finely modelled terracotta heads.

The city of Baramulla is said to be founded by Raja Bhimsina in 2306 BCE. A number of prominent visitors have travelled to Baramulla. These include the famous Chinese visitor Xuanzang and the British historian, Moorcraft.

Rajatarangini[4]When Uchchala was entering Varahamula, a good-omened mare came to him from the enemy's side, and the garland fell from the neck of the Great Varaha (an incarnation of Vishnu) on his head, as if crowning him king of the world. Kaka and other warriors, born of Vaidya caste, opposed Uchchala, so that he left Hushkapura and turned towards Kramarajya. Hearing of his approach, the Damaras became excited and rebelled against the Lord of Mandala. They killed Yasharaja and other good warriors, and defeated the Lord of Mandala and crippled his power. The Lord of Mandala slowly retreated to Taramulaka, and the Damaras, led by Uchchala, followed him there. The Lord of Mandala was at the head of his army and could not for a long time be captured.

Mughal emperors had special fascination for Baramulla. Being the gateway of the Kashmir Valley, Baramulla was a halting station for them during their visits to the valley. In 1508 CE Emperor Akbar, who entered the valley via Pakhil, spent a few days at Baramulla and, according to "Tarikh-e-Hassan", the city had been decorated like a bride during Akbar's stay. Jahangir also stayed at Baramulla during his visit to Kashmir in 1620 CE.

From the very beginning, Baramulla has enjoyed religious importance. The construction of Hindu Teertha and Buddhist Vihars made the city sacred to Hindus as well as Buddhists. In the 15th century, the place became important to Muslims also, as the famous Muslim saint, Syed Janbaz Wali, who visited the valley along with his companions in 1421 CE, chose Baramulla as the centre of his mission and was buried here after death. His shrine attracts pilgrims from all over the Valley.

In 1894, the sixth Sikh Guru Shri Hargobind visited the city. Baramulla thus became an abode of Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and Sikhs living in harmony and contributing to a rich composite culture.

It was the oldest and the most important town in north of princely state of Kashmir and Jammu and the 'Gateway of Kashmir Valley' by Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road until 27 October 1947. It acceded to India when the Maharaja signed the instrument of accession on 26 October 1947 which was accepted the next day. It is now the headquarters of Baramulla district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir which is now a part of the Republic of India.

Jat History

Haripur District Pakistan, named after Hari Singh Nalwa

Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa (1791-20.4.1837[5]) (हरीसिंह नलुआ), the great Utpal/Uppal gotra Jat warrior was born at Gujranwala and was the Commander-in-chief of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. His father was a warrior in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army. Sir Henry Griffin called Nalwa the "Murat of the Khalsa".

The Conquests of Hari Singh Nalwa: In 1816, Tits and Bits wrote an editorial piece in Britain, in which it was asserted that had Nalwa the resources and the artillery of the British, he would have conquered the East entirely. This most famous of the great Sikh generals can count the following conquests: Kasur (1807), Sialkot, Kashmir (1814), Multan (1818), Peshawar (1827). He held Kashmir and Peshawar as its governor in 1834. Nalwa was the only person whose name was minted on the currency of Punjab; today the Hari Singh rupee can be found in museums in India. He died on 20 April 1837 in war with Peshawar.[6]

Hari Singh earned the name 'Nalwa' after he killed a tiger, as Baron Hugel, a European traveller writes in "Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab: " I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained the appellation of Nalwa, and of his having cloven the head of a tiger, who had already seized him as its prey. He told the Diwan to bring some drawings and gave me his portrait, in the act of killing the beast."

Nalwa was dishonourably murdered in an ambush from behind. It is believed that two Dogras that were in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's cabinet (secretly in the pay of the British and the Afghans) were behind the attack. An undelivered letter to the Maharajah asking for assistance from Nalwa was later found in the possession of one of these Dogras. Bibi Harshan Kaur then made her much heralded walk of valour from Jamrud to Peshawar carrying news that Jamrud was under attack, but it was too late for Nalwa. He died when 60,000 troops attacked his fort. The sikhs told him that they were about to attack as they thought he had died however he was still alive. He then went on to the balcony and rested his Teer (arrow) in to his ear and died whilst the fight was on. Just seeing Hari Singh was enough to scare the forces away who trampled their own people.

Haripur in Hazara Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan is named after Hari Singh Nalwa.

Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan

Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan -

Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan (Jakhar) was born on 16th November, 1912 in village Salhawas, Jhajjar district, Haryana. He was the son of Rai Sahib Sultan Singh, a police officer.

Major General Kalaan received his education at Jat High School, Hissar, Anglo Sanskrit High School, Ambala City, Government College, Rohtak and St Stephen College, Delhi. He joined the 319 Jat Regiment as a Y. Cadet and from there rose to the rank of Major General. He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) during World War II. He was also awarded Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) for his courage in the 1965 India-Pakistan War and retired from the Indian Army in 1966.


1965 Indo-Pakistan War .... During this war, Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan was in command of the 19 Infantry Division in the Uri-Baramula-Gulmarg Sector. The first report of Pakistani infiltration was received in his area. He planned and executed operations to hunt the infiltrators, capture their bases and block routes of infiltration. In order to capture the Hajipur Pass and the subsequent link-up towards Poonch, he himself led his troops against the well entrenched Pakistan Army posts. They managed to throw out the enemy from their well guarded positions. He succeeded in his mission by showing exemplary leadership, determination and courage in the best traditions of the Indian Army. He was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) on 5th August, 1965. [7]

Naik Nand Singh: Nand Singh VC & MVC (24 September 1914 – 12 December 1947) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross,[8] the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

He was 29 years old, and an Acting Naik in the 1/11th Sikh Regiment, in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 11/12 March 1944 on the Maungdaw-Buthidaung Road, Burma (now Myanmar), Naik Nand Singh, commanding a leading section of the attack, was ordered to recapture a position gained by the enemy. He led his section up a very steep knife-edged ridge under very heavy machine-gun and rifle fire and although wounded in the thigh, captured the first trench. He then crawled forward alone and, wounded again in the face and shoulder, nevertheless captured the second and third trenches.


He later achieved the rank of Jemadar in the post-independence Indian Army, and his unit 1-Sikh was the first to be involved in the Jammu & Kashmir Operations or Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 which began in October 1947 as Indian troops went into action to repel a planned invasion of J&K by raiders from Pakistan.

On 12 December 1947 Nand Singh led his platoon of D Coy in a desperate but successful attack to extricate his battalion from an ambush in the hills SE of Uri in Kashmir. He was mortally injured by a close-quarters machine-gun burst, and posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra(MVC), the second-highest Indian decoration for battlefield gallantry. This makes Nand Singh unique in the annals of VC winners. The Pakistanis recognised Singh because of his VC ribbon. His body was taken Muzaffarabad where it was tied spreadeagled on a truck and paraded through the city with a loudspeaker proclaiming that this would be the fate of every Indian VC. The soldier’s body was later thrown into a garbage dump, and was never recovered.

Singh belonged to Village Bahadurpur now in district - Mansa, Punjab. A bus stand in town Bareta Shaheed Nand Singh Viktoria Bus Stand is named in his memory. A statue has also been established in Bathinda (locally known as Fauji Chowck) as a memorial for the great warrior.

Nitin Chaudhary (23) - From Dhanoura, Bulandshahr, Martyr of militancy on 29.5.2017 in Uri sector of Jammu and Kashmir, 17 Jat Regiment.

Sarman Singh Bhagaur (Lans Naik) became martyr of militancy on 12.9.2000 in Baramula area of Jammu and Kashmir. He was from village Gahnoli, Rupbas, Bharatpur, Rajasthan.

Mahendrajeet Singh Dahiya (Major), 18 Madras, Sena Medal (P) Major Dahiya has made"SARVOCH BALIDAN"fighting terrorists at Baramulla in J&K on 29 January 1995. His only daughter is serving Captain in Indian army. A legacy we all should know.

Tehsils

Baramulla district comprises eight tehsils: 1. Pattan, 2. Sopore, 3. Baramulla, 4. Tangmarg, 5. Rafaiabad, 6. Uri, 7. Boniyar and 8. Kreeri.

This district consists of 12 blocks: Uri, Rohama, Rafiabad, Zaingeer, Sopore, Boniyar, Baramulla, Tangmarg, Singpora, Pattan, Wagoora and Kunzer. Pattan tehsil is the largest tehsil of the district Baramulla and was later split to from separate Kreeri tehsil.

Pattan Town is situated in the centre of the district between Srinagar and Baramulla cities and is surrounded by villages like Palhalan, Nihalpora Hanjiwera Zangam, Sherpora, Sonium and Yall.

Villages in Baramulla Tehsil

Town: 1 Baramula,

Villages: 1 Bada Mulla, 2 Bulbul Abad, 3 Chaklu, 4 Danger Pora, 5 Dilna, 6 Fatehgadh, 7 Gantamulla Bala, 8 Gantamulla Pain, 9 Gohan Lari Jungle, 10 Gulistan, 11 Haji Bal, 12 Heewen, 13 Jagiyar, 14 Jahama, 15 Jalsheri, 16 Kalander Pora, 17 Katian Wali, 18 Khadaniar, 19 Khai Tangan, 20 Khusual Pora, 21 Kitcha Hama, 22 Lal Pora, 23 Latifabad, 24 Mala Pora, 25 Maqbool Abad, 26 Mirher, 27 Naid Hal, 28 Nambalan, 29 Nawgam, 30 Nowpora Jagir, 31 Nowrang, 32 Odura, 33 Puna Cheter, 34 Sadi Pora, 35 Sheern Abad, 36 Sherwani Abad, 37 Shitlu, 38 Singh Pora Kalan, 39 Tari Pora Wansaran, 40 Wahdat Pora, 41 Weri Nar, 42 Zamzam Pora,

Source - https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/35-baramulla-baramula-jammu-and-kashmir.html

बारामूला

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[9] ने लेख किया है .....बारामूला, कश्मीर, (AS, p.622): बारामूला का प्राचीन नाम 'वाराह' (या [वराह) मूल है। जान पड़ता है कि यहाँ प्राचीन काल में वराहोपासना का केन्द्र था।

बारामूला परिचय

बारामूला जम्मू और कश्मीर राज्य के 22 ज़िलों में से एक है, जिसे 8 तहसीलों और 16 खण्डों में बांटा गया है। यह लगभग 4190 वर्ग किलोमीटर के क्षेत्र में फैला हुआ है। यह ज़िला पश्चिम में पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर के साथ अपनी सीमाओं को बांटता है। बारामूला, कुपवाडा शहर के दक्षिण में और पुंछ और बुदगाम के उत्तर में स्थित है। श्रीनगर और लद्दाख इसके पूर्वी ओर हैं।

स्थापना: इस प्राचीन शहर की स्थापना ईसा पूर्व 2306 में राजा भीमसिना द्वारा की गई थी। बारामूला का प्राचीन नाम 'बाराह' (या वराह) मूल है। जान पड़ता है कि यहाँ प्राचीन काल में वराहोपासना का केन्द्र था। बारामूला पश्चिमोत्तर जम्मू कश्मीर राज्य, उत्तर भारत में वूलर झील से निकलने वाली झेलम नदी के उद्गम स्थल से लगभग 11 किलोमीटर दूर, नदी के तट पर स्थित है। यह जम्मू कश्मीर की ग्रीष्मकालीन राजधानी श्रीनगर से लगभग 45 किलोमीटर पश्चिम और कुछ उत्तर में स्थित है। बारामूला कृषि क्षेत्र से घिरा हुआ है, जिसमें धान, गेहूँ और जौ की खेती होती है। बारामूला क्षेत्र की सीमा पर हिमालय (पश्चिम) की पीर पंजाल पर्वतश्रेणी और कश्मीर घाटी (पूर्व) स्थित है।

इतिहास: सन 1508 में महान् मुग़ल शासक अकबर ने इस स्थान का भ्रमण किया था। जहांगीर ने अपनी कश्मीर घाटी की यात्रा के दौरान यहां की खूबसूरती से प्रभावित होकर यहीं रहने का फैसला किया। प्रसिद्ध चीनी यात्री हवेन्सांग ने भी एक बार बारामूला ज़िले का भ्रमण किया था।

नाम: इस ज़िले का नाम संस्कृत भाषा के दो शब्दों ‘वराह’ और 'मूल' से मिल कर बना है, जिसमें 'वराह' का अर्थ है- सूअर और ‘मूल’ जिसका अर्थ है- दाढ़, तथा जिससे इसका संयुक्त रूप से अर्थ है- ‘सूअर दाढ़’। इस स्थान के पीछे जो किवदंती है, वह कश्मीर के प्राचीन महाकाव्य 'निलमठपुराण' में लिखी गई है। महाकाव्य के अनुसार कश्मीर का क्षेत्र वास्तव में एक झील सतीसरा था, जो एक राक्षस जलोभव के अधिकार में थी। इस राक्षस का नाश करने के लिए संरक्षण के हिंदू देवता विष्णु ने सूअर का रूप लिया और अपनी दाढ़ के द्वारा पहाड़ में एक छेद करके पानी के प्रवाह को बाहर निकला।

पर्यटन: बारामूला पर्यटकों के बीच अपने गुरुद्वारों, मंदिरों, मठों और मस्जिदों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। इस क्षेत्र की यात्रा के दौरान पर्यटकों को गुलमर्ग की यात्रा अवश्य करनी चाहिए, जो समुद्र सतह से 2730 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर स्थित है। इस शहर का वास्तविक नाम 'गौरीमर्ग' था, परंतु बाद में 16 वीं शताब्दी में इसका नाम गुलमर्ग हो गया, जिसका अर्थ है- 'फूलों की घाटी'।

गुलमर्ग अपने गोल्फ कोर्स के लिए भी जाना जाता है, जिसे विश्व का सबसे ऊंचा हरा भरा गोल्फ कोर्स घोषित किया गया है। इस गोल्फ क्लब का प्रबंधन जम्मू और कश्मीर पर्यटन विकास निगम (जेकेटीडीसी) को सौंपा गया है। गोल्फ कोर्स के अलावा पर्यटक गुलमर्ग के अन्य प्रसिद्ध स्थान, जैसे- खिलनमर्ग, अच्चाबल, गंडोला लिफ़्ट, तन्मर्ग, वेरीनाग और गुलमर्ग बायोस्फियर रिज़र्व भी देख सकते हैं। इस जिले का पर्यटन का एक अन्य आकर्षण परिहसपोरा शहर है। राजा शंकर वर्मन के शासनकाल के दौरान यह शहर कश्मीर की राजधानी था। यात्री अक्सर पुरातात्विक स्मारकों जैसे परिहसपोरा पट्टन और पट्टन बाज़ार के लिए परिहसपोरा की यात्रा करते हैं। पर्यटक विष्णु तीर्थ स्थलों, राजभवन और 1914 में खुदाई के दौरान पाए गए चैत्य का भी भ्रमण कर सकते हैं। वूलर झील, मानसबल झील और अल्पथेर झील भी देखने योग्य हैंं।

धार्मिक स्थान: बारामूला में कई धार्मिक स्थान भी हैं। तन्मर्ग में स्थित ज़यारत बाबा रेशी, सोपोर में स्थित ज़यारत तुज्जर शरीफ़, अह्मद्पोरा में स्थित इमामबाड़ा गूम और ज़यारत जांबाज़ वली आदि। वात्लब में स्थित ज़यारत दस्तगीर साहिब, ज़यारत बाबा शकूरुद्दीन और बांदीपोरा में स्थित ज़यारत अहीम शरीफ़ अन्य प्रसिद्ध धार्मिक स्थाल हैं। शिव मंदिर जिसे महारानी या मोहिनेश्वर शिवालय भी कहा जाता है, भी देखने योग्य है। इस मंदिर का निर्माण 1915 में कश्मीर के राजा, महाराजा हरिसिंह की पत्नी मोहिनी बाल सिसोदिया द्वारा किया गया। यहां विनाश के हिंदू देवता शिव और उनकी पत्नी पार्वती की मूर्तियां हैं। हिंदू और मुस्लिम धार्मिक स्थलों के अलावा यात्री यहां सिख मंदिर, चट्टी पदशाही की यात्रा कर सकते हैं। नदियों, पहाड़ों, घाटियों, झीलों, झरनों और जलप्रपातों की उपस्थिति बारामूला को उन लोगों के लिए आदर्श स्थान बनाती है, जो प्रकृति की गोद के बीच समय बिताना चाहते हैं।

संदर्भ: भारतकोश-बारामूला

उष्कूर

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[10] ने लेख किया है ...उष्कूर (AS, p.103) कनिष्क के उत्तराधिकारी हुविष्क का कश्मीर घाटी में बसाया हुआ नगर था। बारामूला गिरिद्वार के निकट हुष्कपुर के खंडहर और एक छोटा सा उष्कूर नामक ग्राम जो हुष्कपुर का स्मारक है, स्थित है। उष्कपुर में एक प्राचीन स्तूप के चिह्न देखे जा सकते है। उष्कूर, हुष्कपुर का ही अपभ्रंश है। (देखें:- हुष्कपुर)

हुष्कपुर

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[11] ने लेख किया है ...हुष्कपुर (AS, p.1027) कनिष्क के उत्तराधिकारी हुविष्क या हुष्क (111-138 ई.) का बसाया हुआ नगर था। इसकी स्थिति कश्मीर घाटी में स्थित बारामूला के गिरिद्वार (दर्रे) के ठीक बाहर पश्चिम की ओर थी। उस काल में यह स्थान कश्मीर का पश्चिमी द्वार कहलाता था।[12]

चीनी यात्री हुएन-सांग हुष्कपुर के विहार में 631 ई. के लगभग पहुँचा था। वह यहाँ कई दिन ठहरा था। विहार से वह नगर में भी गया था जहाँ उसने पाँच सहस्त्र भिक्षु देखें थे। बारामूला गिरिद्वार के निकट हुष्कपुर के खंडहर और एक छोटा सा उष्कूर नामक ग्राम जो हुष्कपुर का स्मारक है, स्थित है। उष्कूर में एक प्राचीन स्तूप के चिह्न देखे जा सकते है। उष्कूर, हुष्कपुर का ही अपभ्रंश है।

Visit by Xuanzang in 631 AD

Alexander Cunningham[13] writes that Hwen Thsang entered the valley of Kashmir from the west in September, A.D. 631. At the entrance there was a stone gate, where he was met by the younger brother of the king's mother ; and after

[p.91]: paying his devotions at the sacred monuments, he went to lodge for the night in the monastery of Hu-se-kia-lo, or Hushkara.[14] This place is mentioned by Abu Rihan,[15] who makes Ushkara the same as Baramula, which occupied both sides of the river. In the ' Raja Tarangini[16] also Hushkapura is said to be near Varaha, or Varahamula, which is the Sanskrit form of Baramula. Hushkara or Uskar still exists as a village on the left or eastern bank of the Behat, two miles to the south-east of Baramula. The Kashmiri Brahmans say that this is the Hushkapura of the ' Raja Tarangini,' which was founded by the Turushka king Hushka, about the beginning of the Christian era.

[p.99]: Hushkapura, which was founded by the Indo-Scythian prince Hushka, or Huvishka, the brother of Kanishka, would appear to have been the same place as the well-known Varahamula, or Barahmula, on the Behat River. Abu Rihan[17] calls it " Ushkar, which is the

[p.100]: town of Baramula, built on both banks of the river." It is noted under the same name by the Chinese pilgrim Hwen Thsang, who entered the valley from the west by a stone gate, and halted at the monastery of Hu.se.kia-lo, or Hushkara. The name of Barahmula has now eclipsed the more ancient appellation, which, however, still exists in the village of Uskara, 2 miles to the south-east of the present town, and immediately under the hills. The place has been visited, at my request, by the Rev. G. W. Cowie, who found there a Buddhist stupa still intact. This is probably the same monument that is recorded to have been erected by Raja Lalitaditya[18] between A.D. 723 and 760. It is again mentioned in the native chronicle[19] as the residence of the Queen Sugandha in A.D. 913. From all these notices, it is certain that the town still bore its original name down to the beginning of the eleventh century, when Abu Rihan mentions both names. But after this time the name of Varahamula alone is found in the native chronicles, in which it is mentioned during the reigns of Harsha and Sussala, early in the twelfth century. I think it probable that the main portion of the town of Hushkapura was on the left, or south bank of the river, and that Varahamula was originally a small suburb on the right bank. On the decline of Buddhism, when the monastic establishment at Hushkapura was abandoned, the old town also must have been partially deserted, and most probably it continued to decrease until it was supplanted by the Brahmanical suburb of Varahamula.

In Rajatarangini

Rajatarangini[20] tells us....Sussala reached Kashtavata (काष्टवात), and Gargachandra on behalf of Sahlana came out and arrived at Hushkapura. (VIII, p.34)

Rajatarangini[21] tells us....Sussala understood the signs of the times, and though as yet there was peace, he had misgivings about Garga. He was anxious to come to Kashmira but he first sent Sanjapala. The king had bestowed wealth and Dvara on Lakkaka who with difficulty reached Barahamula. Garga remembered that it was Lakkaka who had attacked him in his house, he came up to him from behind, destroyed his army and plundered both the soldiers and the place Barahamula.(p.38-39)

Rajatarangini[22] tells us....The very powerful Prithvihara who stationed himself on a level plain covered with trees and bordering on the mountains came out and defeated the royal army. Ananda, lord of Dvara, of the line of Ananta, Kāka and Tilakasimha ; — these three who had once fled from battle were made ministers. Vijaya fell in Jaishta, and the king suffered a defeat on the sixth day of bright moon in Ashadha and became disheartened. As when the cows run about, or the serpents ascend the tops of trees, or the ants lay eggs, the approach of rain is known, so the king knew by evil omens, that danger was nigh and did what was necessary to be done. On the third day of bright moon, in the month of Ashadha, he sent his queen, his son and other relatives to the fortified Lohara. He followed them, but the bridge on the Vitasta broke down and some Brahmanas and the twice-born inhabitants of Loshta fell in the river. Grieved at this ill omen, he accompanied his family for two or three days to Hushkapura, and then again returned to his capital. (VIII,p.61)

Rajatarangini[23] tells us....When Janakasimha had fled, Bhikshu broke down the houses of those who had set themselves against him. When Sulhaṇa, Vimba and others had with their large armies defeated Tilaka at Hushkapura, Sussala was seen by the enemies approaching by the Lohara road after two or three days, with Mallakoshta, Janaka &c., and their army in front, and with many petty chieftains in his rear. (VIII,p.81)

Rajatarangini[24] tells us.... The king Sussala, who was indifferent in mind and wished to resign his kingdom brought from Lohara, his son who had just then passed his boyhood. He had made Bhagika, Prajji's brother's son Simhadeva, lord of Mandala and employed him at Lohara, and thus guarded the country and its treasury. When his beloved son arrived in 1125 AD at Varahamula, he advanced and embraced him with joy as well as with grief. (p.105)

Notable persons

External Links

References

  1. ↑ The Ancient Geography of India/Kingdom of Kashmir, pp. 91,99
  2. ↑ Rajatarangini of Kalhana:Kings of Kashmira/Book I,p.12-13
  3. ↑ The economy of Jammu & Kashmir. Radha Krishan Anand & Co., 2004
  4. ↑ Rajatarangini of Kalhana:Kings of Kashmira/Book VII (i),p.269
  5. ↑ Jat History Thakur Deshraj/Chapter VII Part I (i),p.273
  6. ↑ Jat History Thakur Deshraj/Chapter VII Part I (i),p.273
  7. ↑ Ram Sarup Joon:History of the Jats/Chapter XIII,p.242
  8. ↑ "The Victoria Cross Society"
  9. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.622
  10. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.103
  11. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.1027
  12. ↑ देखें स्टाइन कृत राजतरंगिणी 5, 168-171
  13. ↑ The Ancient Geography of India/Kingdom of Kashmir, pp. 90-91,99-100
  14. ↑ ' Hiouen Thsang,' i. 90.
  15. ↑ Reinaud, ' Fragments Arabes,' p. 116.
  16. ↑ B. vii. 1310 and 1313.
  17. ↑ Reinaud, 'Fragments Arabes, etc.,' p. 116.
  18. ↑ ' Raja Tarangini,' iv. 188.
  19. ↑ Ibid., v. 258.
  20. ↑ Kings of Kashmira Vol 2 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana)/Book VIII,p.34
  21. ↑ Kings of Kashmira Vol 2 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana)/Book VIII,p.38-39
  22. ↑ Kings of Kashmira Vol 2 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana)/Book VIII,p.61
  23. ↑ Kings of Kashmira Vol 2 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana)/Book VIII,p.81
  24. ↑ Kings of Kashmira Vol 2 (Rajatarangini of Kalhana)/Book VIII (i),p.105

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