Research on history of Jat clans

[lrburdak]

Friend,

When the story about the Mihir Mitha alia Mian already stands rejected as agreed by you then how we can connect him to the gotra of the Jats. He might be found somewhere else on the pages of misty history of our community!! For, just coincidental occurrence of one name cannot lead one to draw such hasty conclusion that 'yes' he was the man who founded such and such Jat clan. This needs deeper investigation and weightier evidence.

Thanks.

H A Rose writes at page-377:

Social distinctions among the Jats

Among the Jats the only* social distinctions are the well-known 'Akbari' or Darbāri makāns — 35 in number according to the usual account. But in Amritsar the Akbari is only the highest of a series of four grades, the Aurangzebi (or those admitted to this rank in the time of Aurangzeb), Khalsāi (or those admitted in Sikh times) and Angrezi (or those admitted since British rule began) being the other three, and no less than 150 villages, all generally speaking in the Manjha, now claim Darbāri status. There is also a Shahjahdni grade, the Sansi Jats, of Raja Sansi, having been admitted in the reign of Shah Jahan.

The origin of the Akbari group is thus described. When the emperor Akbar took in marriage the daughter of Mihr Mitha, a Jat, of the Manjha†, 35 of the principal Jat, and 36 of the leading Rajput families countenanced the marriage and sent representatives to Delhi. Three of those Jat families are still found in Hoshiarpur, and are called the Dhaighar Akbari, as they comprise the Bains Jats†† of Māhilpur, the Lahotas of Garhdiwala and the Khungas of Budhipind, which latter is styled the 'half' family, so that the three families are called the 2-1/2 (dhāighar). The Akbari Jats follow some of the higher castes in not allowing remarriage of widows, and in practising darbāra, which is a custom of giving vails at weddings to the mirrāsis of other Akbari families. Their parohits also place the janeo on them at their marriages, removing it a few days afterwards. Below the Akbari (according to the Hoshiarpur account) is the Darbāri grade, descendants of those who gave daughters to the emperor Jahāngir. Thus some of the Man Jats are Darbāris, and they will only marry with Darbaris as a rule. But they will accept brides from Jats of grades below the Darbari provided the dower (dahej) is sufficiently large.

As regards Gurdaspur, Sir Louis Dane wrote : — " Some of the better gots of Hindu Jats or those living in celebrated villages or nāmas will not give their daughters to men of gots considered socially inferior, and the restriction often gave rise to female infanticide, as eligible husbands were scarce."

Comment- We find again in this para also facts about 'Akbar took in marriage the daughter of Mihr Mitha, a Jat, of the Manjha'. Can somebody verify from records or villages mentioned here ?

 

[ravinderjeet]

H A Rose writes at page-377:

Social distinctions among the Jats

Comment- We find again in this para also facts about 'Akbar took in marriage the daughter of Mihr Mitha, a Jat, of the Manjha'. Can somebody verify from records or villages mentioned here ?

जट्टों में उंच-नीच होना ,जट्टों द्वारा अपनी बेटी किसी मुस्लिम शाशक को देना ,पहली बार पढने को मिला हे |

 

[narenderkharb]

.....................................

 

[narenderkharb]

जट्टों में उंच-नीच होना ,जट्टों द्वारा अपनी बेटी किसी मुस्लिम शाशक को देना ,पहली बार पढने को मिला हे |

..............................................................

 

[lrburdak]

Second that.......
Please stop posting this kind of an article. Anyone with a serious interest in Jat history has seen the article , you take the trouble to put on this site. The article does not deserve the credibility this site will give it. Please bring some critical thinking to the topic , not a copy n' paste for dubious ,( dare I use the word) -Junk.No offence intended. This site should not be used for giving credibility unsubstantiated data.

Narendraji Better be Admin of Forums and bring the desired changes !!!

 

[moar]

?!

I AM afraid that the last two posts before the above post of Respected Burdak Sir may certainly not have been posted by Narender Kharb Sir; instead I have a strong feeling that His account may have been compromised !!

The posts are no way around the posting / writing style of Respected Kharb Sir !!

 

[moar]

जट्टों में उंच-नीच होना ,जट्टों द्वारा अपनी बेटी किसी मुस्लिम शाशक को देना ,पहली बार पढने को मिला हे |

रविंदरजीत भाई जी, H. A. Rose यहाँ पर समाज के ठेकेदारों द्वारा समाज में फैलाये हुए झूठों से गुमराह होते मालूम पड़ते है | ये जटों के खिलाफ़ एक योजनाबद्ध तरीके से रची हुई साज़िश का हिस्सा है | और, मैं प्रमाणिक तथ्यों के आधार पर तर्क से इस झूठ का पर्दाफ़ाश करूँगा अब अगली कुछ पोस्ट्स में, कृपया धैर्य रखिये |

 

[moar]

Gentlemen, let's nuke it !!

पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय के नाम से हम सभी भारतीय परिचित हैं | ये महान पुरुष एक राजनीतिक, समाजसुधारक, शिक्षा सुधारक तथा धर्मप्रिय नेता थे | इन्होनें ही बनारस में हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की थी | इन्होनें विख्यात सेठ बिड़ला के सहयोग से सन 1932 में दिल्ली में एक भव्य मन्दिर बनवाने की सोची | इसकी आधारशिला के अवसर पर भारत वर्ष के राजा-महाराजाओं को पधारने का न्यौता दिया गया | काफी राजा महाराजा सज-धजकर इस अवसर पर दिल्ली पहुंचे | जब आधारशिला रखने की बारी आई तो महामहिम मालवीय जी दुविधा में पड़ गए कि किस राजा के कर-कमलों से इस पवित्र मन्दिर की स्थापना की जाए | उन्होंने बहुत सोच विचार कर एक प्रस्ताव तैयार किया, जिसमें उन्होंने 6 शर्तें रखीं कि जो भी राजा इन शर्तों को पूरा करेगा वही इस मन्दिर की आधारशिला अर्थात नींव का पत्थर रखेगा |




यें शर्तें इस प्रकार थीं :-




क) जिसका वंश उच्चकोटि का हो |


ख) जिसका चरित्र आदर्श हो |


ग) जो शराब व मांस का सेवन न करता हो |


घ) जिसने एक से अधिक विवाह न किये हों |


ड़) जिसके वंश ने मुगलों को अपनी लड़की न दी हो |


च) जिसके दरबार में रण्डियां न नाचती हों |




इस प्रस्ताव को सुनकर राजाओं में सन्नाटा छा गया और ज़मीन कुरेदने लगे | जब बाकी राजा नीचे गर्दन किये बैठे थे तो धौलपुर नरेश महाराजा उदयभानु सिंह राणा अपने स्थान से उठे जो इन सभी 6 शर्तों पर खरे उतर रहे थे | इस पर पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय ने हर्ष ध्वनी से उनके नाम का उदघोश किया तो शोरभ जिला मुज़फ्फरनगर उत्तर प्रदेश के जाट पहलवान हरज्ञान ने ' नरेश धौलपुर ज़िन्दाबाद ' के नारे लगाये | इस पर मालवीय साहब ने कहा, ' महाराजा धौलपुर भानुसिंह राणा धौलपुर नरेश हमारे देश कि शान हैं | ' इसके बाद पूरी सभा नारों से गूंज उठी | क्योंकि इन सभी शर्तों को पूर्णतया पूरी करने वाले वही एकमात्र राजा थे जो वहाँ पधारे थे |




इस जाट नरेश का नाम मन्दिर के प्रांगण में स्थापित शिलालेख पर इस प्रकार अंकित है :-




" श्री लक्ष्मी नारायण मन्दिर "


" श्री महामना मालवीय पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय जी के प्रेरणा से मन्दिर की आधारशिला श्रीमान उदय भानुसिंह धौलपुर नरेश के कर कमलों द्वारा चैत्र कृष्ण पक्ष अमावस्या रविवार विक्रमीय सम्वत 1989 ( अर्थात सन 1932 ) में स्थापित हुई | "




जाट नरेश का नाम व चित्र मन्दिर के बाएँ बगीचे में संगमरमर के एक पत्थर पर अंकित है | राजस्थान की पूर्व मुख्यमन्त्री श्रीमती वसुंधरा राजे इसी महाराजा उदयभानु राणा के राजकुमार से ब्याही थी जो बड़े गर्व से कहती हैं - " वह वीर जाटों की बहू है | "




( पुस्तक - ' भारत का इतिहास - एक अध्ययन ', ' जाट जाति प्रछन्न बौद्ध है ', ' पंचायती इतिहास ', ' Jats, the ancient rulers: a clan study ', ' सिख इतिहास ', ' जाट वीरों का इतिहास ', तथा ' फ्रांस से कारगिल आदि-आदि )




Source : हवासिंह सांगवान जाट ( पूर्व कमांडैंट, सी. आर. पी. एफ. ) : असली लुटेरे कौन ? ( सातवाँ संस्करण, दिसम्बर - 2011 ) , पृष्ठ संख्या 33 -35.




---------------------


Please Visit : Hawa Singh Sangwan




See Also : Chhoturam/चौ. छोटूराम का हत्यारा कौन? - पूर्वार्ध - पृष्ठ 1 - 88 & Chhoturam/चौ. छोटूराम का हत्यारा कौन? - उत्तरार्ध - पृष्ठ 89 - 176


---------------------


Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, who established Banaras Hindu University ( which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia ) in 1916, had himself attested / certified during such a Hindu Religious occasion at Delhi, that any Girl from Jat race never married Akbar, or any other Mughal. Hence, We have nuked it.


---------------------


" Until Lions have their Historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunter ! "

 

[jsrana]

बहुत बढ़िया भाई हरदीप, पढ़ कर गर्व से सीना और भी चौड़ा हो गया है |

 

[moar]

पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय के नाम से हम सभी भारतीय परिचित हैं | ये महान पुरुष एक राजनीतिक, समाजसुधारक, शिक्षा सुधारक तथा धर्मप्रिय नेता थे | इन्होनें ही बनारस में हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की थी | इन्होनें विख्यात सेठ बिड़ला के सहयोग से सन 1932 में दिल्ली में एक भव्य मन्दिर बनवाने की सोची | इसकी आधारशिला के अवसर पर भारत वर्ष के राजा-महाराजाओं को पधारने का न्यौता दिया गया | काफी राजा महाराजा सज-धजकर इस अवसर पर दिल्ली पहुंचे | जब आधारशिला रखने की बारी आई तो महामहिम मालवीय जी दुविधा में पड़ गए कि किस राजा के कर-कमलों से इस पवित्र मन्दिर की स्थापना की जाए | उन्होंने बहुत सोच विचार कर एक प्रस्ताव तैयार किया, जिसमें उन्होंने 6 शर्तें रखीं कि जो भी राजा इन शर्तों को पूरा करेगा वही इस मन्दिर की आधारशिला अर्थात नींव का पत्थर रखेगा |




यें शर्तें इस प्रकार थीं :-




क) जिसका वंश उच्चकोटि का हो |


ख) जिसका चरित्र आदर्श हो |


ग) जो शराब व मांस का सेवन न करता हो |


घ) जिसने एक से अधिक विवाह न किये हों |


ड़) जिसके वंश ने मुगलों को अपनी लड़की न दी हो |


च) जिसके दरबार में रण्डियां न नाचती हों |




इस प्रस्ताव को सुनकर राजाओं में सन्नाटा छा गया और ज़मीन कुरेदने लगे | जब बाकी राजा नीचे गर्दन किये बैठे थे तो धौलपुर नरेश महाराजा उदयभानु सिंह राणा अपने स्थान से उठे जो इन सभी 6 शर्तों पर खरे उतर रहे थे | इस पर पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय ने हर्ष ध्वनी से उनके नाम का उदघोश किया तो शोरभ जिला मुज़फ्फरनगर उत्तर प्रदेश के जाट पहलवान हरज्ञान ने ' नरेश धौलपुर ज़िन्दाबाद ' के नारे लगाये | इस पर मालवीय साहब ने कहा, ' महाराजा धौलपुर भानुसिंह राणा धौलपुर नरेश हमारे देश कि शान हैं | ' इसके बाद पूरी सभा नारों से गूंज उठी | क्योंकि इन सभी शर्तों को पूर्णतया पूरी करने वाले वही एकमात्र राजा थे जो वहाँ पधारे थे |




इस जाट नरेश का नाम मन्दिर के प्रांगण में स्थापित शिलालेख पर इस प्रकार अंकित है :-




" श्री लक्ष्मी नारायण मन्दिर "


" श्री महामना मालवीय पं. मदन मोहन मालवीय जी के प्रेरणा से मन्दिर की आधारशिला श्रीमान उदय भानुसिंह धौलपुर नरेश के कर कमलों द्वारा चैत्र कृष्ण पक्ष अमावस्या रविवार विक्रमीय सम्वत 1989 ( अर्थात सन 1932 ) में स्थापित हुई | "




जाट नरेश का नाम व चित्र मन्दिर के बाएँ बगीचे में संगमरमर के एक पत्थर पर अंकित है | राजस्थान की पूर्व मुख्यमन्त्री श्रीमती वसुंधरा राजे इसी महाराजा उदयभानु राणा के राजकुमार से ब्याही थी जो बड़े गर्व से कहती हैं - " वह वीर जाटों की बहू है | "




( पुस्तक - ' भारत का इतिहास - एक अध्ययन ', ' जाट जाति प्रछन्न बौद्ध है ', ' पंचायती इतिहास ', ' Jats, the ancient rulers: a clan study ', ' सिख इतिहास ', ' जाट वीरों का इतिहास ', तथा ' फ्रांस से कारगिल आदि-आदि )




Source : हवासिंह सांगवान जाट ( पूर्व कमांडैंट, सी. आर. पी. एफ. ) : असली लुटेरे कौन ? ( सातवाँ संस्करण, दिसम्बर - 2011 ), पृष्ठ संख्या 33 -35.




---------------------


Please Visit : Hawa Singh Sangwan




See Also : Chhoturam/चौ. छोटूराम का हत्यारा कौन? - पूर्वार्ध - पृष्ठ 1 - 88 & Chhoturam/चौ. छोटूराम का हत्यारा कौन? - उत्तरार्ध - पृष्ठ 89 - 176


---------------------


Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, who established Banaras Hindu University ( which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia ) in 1916, had himself attested / certified during such a Hindu Religious occasion at Delhi, that any Girl from Jat race never married Akbar, or any other Mughal. Hence, We have nuked it.


---------------------


" Until Lions have their Historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunter ! "

[ 1 of 3 (from page 33) ] View attachment 15485




[ 2 of 3 (from page 34) ] View attachment 15486




[ 3 of 3 (from page 35) ] View attachment 15487

 

[drrajpalsingh]

Burdkji’s Comment on Rose’s claim: ‘’We find again in this para also facts about 'Akbar took in marriage the daughter of Mihr Mitha, a Jat, of the Manjha'. Can somebody verify from records or villages mentioned here?’’
My comment on the comment of respected Burdakji:
The account given on page 377 of H A Rose is based on the tales fabricated by the Mirassies [a sort of bards –Bhatts of Rajasthan] of the Punjab, who used to flatten the so called high social standing of the people by connecting them to royal houses and by doing so they succeeded in seeking their patronage and generous amount of money, grains and clothes from them. Therefore their narrative cannot be depended upon to declare any of the name or incident as historical fact. As regards it refers to the Mughal period, Mihar Mitha and his alleged matrimonial alliance with Akbar is concerned it must definitely find a reference in the contemporary anthologies. Moreover, in the present form in H A Rose’s book neither the location of the village/ town is mentioned of Mihar Mitha nor his status is even slightly hinted to by the learned author.

If at all it was a historical fact, it needs to be verified if any such person ever existed in the list of the Mughal Zamindars/ mansabdars starting from Akbar to Aurangzeb. I have not been able to lay my hands on such an entity so far in Maasir-i-Alumagiri or Muhanot Nainsi-ri-khyat.
Further, it is worth noting that neither Hindu nor Sikh Jats [Sahajdharis] of the Manjha area referred to in the post seem to have acquired such high political position as to attract the Mughal Emperors' attention and to solicit matrimonial alliance with them.

Could anybody take the trouble to check it from Maasir-i-Alumagiri or Muhanot Nainsi-ri-khyat available in three volumes in Rajasthani at Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner and help us in sorting out the puzzle of these so called Mughal Durbaris?

There are many other books containing contemporary sources on the issue and if the name appears in any of these records then only it can be accepted as HISTORICAL FACT otherwise one would be astonished at the assertion that this is a ‘FACT” as Mr. More, Mr. Ravenderjeet Ji, Mr. Kharb Sahib and myself have and genuinely express doubt on the authenticity of the event.

Before the historical records verification is completed, kindly consider the ‘name and event’ as an entry in the book containing exaggerated and imaginary tales fabricated to earn their bread and butter by the mirassies.
Thanks.

 

[drrajpalsingh]

Repeated post deleted.....................................................Thanks.

 

[narenderkharb]

When Laxman ji raised this point I clarified in my reply that It is not true as Akbar or Jahangir never married a Jat bride and this fact is cleared in the same book under a footnote for Akbari and Darbari Jat story .



So there was no scope for controversy .
But somehow Laxman ji overlooked my reply.
In order to clear this story once and for all I am posting the Page(source of confusion) and footnote that repudiate Mihir Mitha story.........


Cates and tribes of Punjab and North west India Page 377.......

<center>Social distinctions among the Jats</center>Among the Jats the only[SUP]*[/SUP] social distinctions are the well-known 'Akbari' or Darbāri makāns — 35 in number according to the usual account. But in Amritsar the Akbari is only the highest of a series of four grades, the Aurangzebi (or those admitted to this rank in the time of Aurangzeb), Khalsāi (or those admitted in Sikh times) and Angrezi (or those admitted since British rule began) being the other three, and no less than 150 villages, all generally speaking in the Manjha, now claim Darbāri status. There is also a Shahjahdni grade, the Sansi Jats, of Raja Sansi, having been admitted in the reign of Shah Jahan.
The origin of the Akbari group is thus described. When the emperor Akbar took in marriage the daughter of Mihr Mitha, a Jat, of the Manjha[SUP]†[/SUP], 35 of the principal Jat, and 36 of the leading Rajput families countenanced the marriage and sent representatives to Delhi. Three of those Jat families are still found in Hoshiarpur, and are called the Dhaighar Akbari, as they comprise the Bains Jats[SUP]††[/SUP] of Māhilpur, the Lahotas of Garhdiwala and the Khungas of Budhipind, which latter is styled the 'half' family, so that the three families are called the 2-1/2 (dhāighar). The Akbari Jats follow some of the higher castes in not allowing remarriage of widows, and in practising darbāra, which is a custom of giving vails at weddings to the mirrāsis of other Akbari families. Their parohits also place the janeo on them at their marriages, removing it a few days afterwards. Below the Akbari (according to the Hoshiarpur account) is the Darbāri grade, descendants of those who gave daughters to the emperor Jahāngir. Thus some of the Man Jats are Darbāris, and they will only marry with Darbaris as a rule. But they will accept brides from Jats of grades below the Darbari provided the dower (dahej) is sufficiently large.
As regards Gurdaspur, Sir Louis Dane wrote : — " Some of the better gots of Hindu Jats or those living in celebrated villages or nāmas will not give their daughters to men of gots considered socially inferior, and the restriction often gave rise to female infanticide, as eligible husbands were scarce..........

Footnote by Author...
.

The Mihr Mitha who figures in the tradition of the Dhariwals must be intended. It is hardly necessary to say that neither Akbar nor Jahangir ever took a Jat bride




PS


As Rajpal ji clarified ,this story might have been narrated by a Mirasi or Bhat to the deputy of HA Rose ,who on critical examination rejected it and cleared this in his footnote .I hope the controversy is over now.

 

[ravinderjeet]

जब लेखक ने ही उस तथाकथित सुचना को तथ्यविहीन मान कर निरस्त कर दिया , तो उस को और आगे कहीं पर भी उदबोधित करने की आवश्यकता नहीं हे | मेरे विचार से राजपाल जी और नरेदर जी की विवेचना सही हे | धन्यवाद नरेन्द्र अवम राजपाल जी |

 

[drrajpalsingh]

Narendraji Better be Admin of Forums and bring the desired changes !!!

Burdakji you are doing wonderful job.

Astonished to see outburst of anger from gentlemen, seasoned contributor to Jatland particularly enrichment of History sections and valued friend like you!

Kindly keep it up in view of the fact that :To err is human, to forgive is divine.

 

[moar]

जब लेखक ने ही उस तथाकथित सुचना को तथ्यविहीन मान कर निरस्त कर दिया , तो उस को और आगे कहीं पर भी उदबोधित करने की आवश्यकता नहीं हे | मेरे विचार से राजपाल जी और नरेदर जी की विवेचना सही हे | धन्यवाद नरेन्द्र अवम राजपाल जी |

रविंदरजीत भाई जी, अब तो यह भी स्पष्ट हो रहा है कि H. A. Rose को समाज के ठेकेदार पूरी तरह से गुमराह करने में सफल नहीं हो सके थे | उनके भीतर श़क के बीज फूट रहे थे, और उन्होंने तो उसी पुस्तक के उसी पृष्ठ पर उस रचे हुए षड़यंत्र पर प्रहार भी किया है |


- धन्यवाद् नरेंदर जी |

 

[lrburdak]

Rajpalji I have nothing against Narendraji but he wrote a post which he had to delete afterwards. Here we are working on community editing. One has not to blame others. Narendraji is constantly opposing H A Rose. He wrote him Junk. Then why did he took help of content from H A Rose himself to deny the fact. So before writing we should be very careful here not to down grade others be it members or other authors. H A rose has provided us wonderful informations about Jat clans. B S Dhillon has compiled list of Jat clans from his book. B S Dahiya has listed Jat clans from Rose. So we should not write person like Rose a Junk. About Narendraji's Copy paste comment I would say the content from Jatland Wiki itself only helped Narendraji to deny facts. (See - [Wiki]A glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province By H.A. Rose Vol II/J[/Wiki], p.377). It is only after critical examination that we can deny facts not by anger. Rajpalji you also added many Jat clans to the list and now after H A Rose I am expanding these clans. Narendraji has so far not contributed a single word on Jatland Wiki so I consider he has no right to suggest any Wiki editor how to write and what to write? Cant you write yourself ? Why should one expect only others to write?

 

[moar]

Burdakji you are doing wonderful job.

Kindly keep it up in view of the fact that :To err is human, to forgive is divine.

Dear Dr. Rajpal Ji !! Sir, We all are a family !! There can be slight differences between the family members over the representation of view-points, but there can NEVER be even a slight difference !!
And, that's the beautiful law that tirelessly spins within the family which makes it so special to be a part of the crew !!

You have witnessed that how smoothly We have been able to "unearth the real fact", that's simply because We have worked things out like a family !!

Happy family !!

 

[drrajpalsingh]

Rajpalji I have nothing against Narendraji but he wrote a post which he had to delete afterwards. Here we are working on community editing. One has not to blame others. Narendraji is constantly opposing H A Rose. He wrote him Junk. Then why did he took help of content from H A Rose himself to deny the fact. So before writing we should be very careful here not to down grade others be it members or other authors. H A rose has provided us wonderful informations about Jat clans. B S Dhillon has compiled list of Jat clans from his book. B S Dahiya has listed Jat clans from Rose. So we should not write person like Rose a Junk. About Narendraji's Copy paste comment I would say the content from Jatland Wiki itself only helped Narendraji to deny facts. (See - A glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province By H.A. Rose Vol II/J, p.377). It is only after critical examination that we can deny facts not by anger. Rajpalji you also added many Jat clans to the list and now after H A Rose I am expanding these clans. Narendraji has so far not contributed a single word on Jatland Wiki so I consider he has no right to suggest any Wiki editor how to write and what to write? Cant you write yourself ? Why should one expect only others to write?

Friend,
If we accept the basic principle that historical truth is many-sided dependent on sources used and is open for various interpretations, then only we can get feed-back from the readers.

Secondly, as a true Jat one must believe in democratic tradition according to which we have to accept the right of everyone to disagree with each other’s opinion.


Regards

 

[drrajpalsingh]

Dear Dr. Rajpal Ji !! Sir, We all are a family !! There can be slight differences between the family members over the representation of view-points, but there can NEVER be even a slight difference !...............!

Friend,

Divergence of opinion must not be taken as personal opposition.

Regards