[h=2]Religion[/h] Whilst the terms
spirituality and
religion both relate to a search for an Absolute or
God, and thus have much overlap, there are also characteristic differences in their usage. Religion implies a particular faith tradition that includes acceptance of a metaphysical or supernatural reality;[SUP]
[8][/SUP][SUP]:22[/SUP], whereas spirituality is not necessarily bound to any particular religious tradition. Thus
William Irwin Thompson suggest that "religion is the form spirituality takes in a civilization."[SUP]
[12][/SUP]
Those who speak of spirituality outside of religion often define themselves as
"spiritual but not religious" and generally believe in the existence of different "spiritual paths," emphasizing the importance of finding one's own individual path to spirituality. According to one poll, about 24% of the United States population identifies itself as spiritual but not religious.[SUP]
[13][/SUP]
[h=3]Spirituality within particular religious traditions[/h] In the
Catholic Church, spirituality is generally seen as an integral part of religion, as much for the laity as for the 'religious' (i.e. those who have taken vows to the Church). There is a variety of
charisms that emphasize particular ways to serve God and humanity. See
Catholic spirituality,
Ignatian spirituality.
For
Anglican spirituality, see
Anglican devotions.
[h=2]Science[/h] See also:
Relationship between religion and science
Since the
scientific revolution, the relationship of science to religion and spirituality has developed in complex ways.[SUP]
[14][/SUP][SUP]
[15][/SUP] Historian
John Hedley Brooke describes wide variations: "the natural sciences have been invested with religious meaning, with antireligious implications and, in many contexts, with no religious significance at all."[SUP]
[15][/SUP][SUP]:16[/SUP] The popular notion of antagonisms between science and religion[SUP]
[16][/SUP][SUP]
[17][/SUP] has historically originated with "thinkers with a social or political ax to grind" rather than with the natural philosophers themselves.[SUP]
[15][/SUP][SUP]:13[/SUP] Though physical and biological scientists today avoid
supernatural explanations to describe
reality[SUP]
[18][/SUP][SUP]
[19][/SUP][SUP]
[20][/SUP] (see
naturalism), many scientists continue to consider science and spirituality to be complementary, not contradictory.[SUP]
[21][/SUP][SUP]
[22][/SUP]
Neuroscientists are trying to learn more about how the brain functions during reported spiritual experiences.[SUP]
[23][/SUP][SUP]
[24][/SUP]
During the twentieth century the relationship between science and spirituality has been influenced both by
Freudian psychology, which has accentuated the boundaries between the two areas by accentuating
individualism and
secularism, and by developments in
particle physics, which reopened the debate about
complementarity between scientific and religious discourse and rekindled for many an interest in
holistic conceptions of reality.[SUP]
[15][/SUP][SUP]:322[/SUP] These holistic conceptions were championed by
New Age spiritualists in a type of
quantum mysticism that they claim justifies their spiritual beliefs,[SUP]
[25][/SUP][SUP]
[26][/SUP] though
quantum physicists themselves on the whole reject such attempts as being
pseudoscientific.[SUP]
[27][/SUP][SUP]
[28][/SUP]
[h=2]Personal well-being[/h] In keeping with a general increase in interest in spirituality and
complementary and alternative treatments, prayer has garnered attention among some
behavioral scientists. Masters and Spielmans[SUP]
[29][/SUP] have conducted a
meta-analysis of the effects of distant
intercessory prayer, but detected no discernible effects.
Spirituality has played a central role in
self-help movements such as
Alcoholics Anonymous: "...if an alcoholic failed to perfect and enlarge his spiritual life through work and self-sacrifice for others, he could not survive the certain trials and low spots ahead...."[SUP]
[30][/SUP]
Philosophers across many traditions, from
Stoicism to
Buddhism, have suggested that a
spiritual practice is essential for personal well being. Such practices do not necessarily include a belief in supernatural beings. Contemporary authors, too, suggest that spirituality develops
inner peace and forms a foundation for
happiness.
Meditation and similar practices may help any practitioner cultivate his or her
inner life and character.[SUP]
[31][/SUP][SUP][
unreliable source?][/SUP] [SUP]
[32][/SUP]