Research on history of Jat clans

कलकल गोत्र का इतिहास

कलकल - इन लोगों का राज्य मध्य एशिया के ‘वाकाटक’ प्रदेश पर रहा था। (अधिक जानकारी के लिये, तृतीय अध्याय में इन गोत्रों के प्रकरण में देखो)।[SUP][21][/SUP]
दलीप सिंह अहलावत[SUP][22][/SUP] लिखते हैं -

कलकल जाटवंश नागवंश की शाखा है। यह प्राचीन वंश है। इस वंश का राज्य मध्य एशिया के वाकाटक (Vakataka) प्रदेश पर रहा। इस वंश के सम्राट् परवरसेन प्रथम (Pravarasena) ने बुन्देलखण्ड से लेकर दक्षिण में हैदराबाद तक राज्य किया। विष्णु पुराना अंग्रेजी पृ० 382 लेखक विल्सन लिखता है कि “भविष्य में होने वाले पौरव (जाट) वंश के 11 राजाओं का शासन 300 वर्ष रहकर समाप्त हो जायेगा तब किलकिल यवन राज्य करेंगे जिनका सम्राट् विन्ध्यशक्ति नामक होगा। इस वंश के 10 राजा 106 वर्ष राज्य करेंगे।” यह किलकिल जाटवंश है और इनका सम्राट् विंध्यशक्ति भी जाट था। इसका प्रमाण यह है कि इस वंश के विवाह शादी के सम्बन्ध जाट धारण गोत्र के गुप्तों और भारशिव एवं टांक/तक्षक जाटों के साथ रहे। (बी० एस० दहिया, जाट्स दी एन्शन्ट रूलर्ज, पृ० 284)।
“ततः किलकिलेभ्यश्च बिन्ध्यशक्तिर्भविष्यति” वायु पुराण 258, ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण 178 के
<small></small><small><dl><dd>1. पाण्डवों की दिग्विजय में अर्जुन ने उत्तर दिशा के अनेक देशों के साथ कालकूट (कालखण्डे) देश को भी जीत लिया था (महाभारत सभापर्व, अध्याय 26)। यह कालकूट देश चीनी तुर्किस्तान में था जिस पर कालखण्डे गोत्र के जाटों का राज्य था।

</dd></dl></small><small>जाट वीरों का इतिहास: दलीप सिंह अहलावत, पृष्ठान्त-248</small>
अनुसार वह राजा विंध्यशक्ति जो किलकिल के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था, किलकिला नदी के किनारे प्रतिष्ठित थी। यह नदी पन्ना नगर से नागौद जाते हुए लगभग 4 मील पर है। इनका शासनकाल ईस्वी पूर्व 248 वर्ष माना गया है। बुन्देलखण्ड पर इनका एकछत्र राज्य था। इस वंश की जि० मेरठ में यादनगर एक अच्छी रियासत थी। यहां के जाट अपने वंश किलकिल को कलकल बोलते हैं। अलीपुर, उपैड़ा, लुकलाड़ा में भी इसी वंश के जाट हैं। यह वंश केवल जाटों में ही है।[SUP][23][/SUP] हरयाणा में दादरी तहसील में इमलोटा गांव कलकलवंशी जाटों का है। यह कलकलवंश चन्द्रवंशी है।

छोटी सादड़ी महाराज गौर का शिलालेख संवत 547 (491 AD) [SUP][24][/SUP]

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[TD] <center>Sanskrit Text</center> <dl><dd>तस्या प्रणम्य प्रकरोम्यह x x जस्त्रम

</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(कीर्तिशु) भां गुणा गणोघम (पींन्टपाणाम) (3)

</dd></dl> <dl><dd>x x कुलो (भद्) वव (ञ् श) गौरा</dd></dl> <dl><dd>क्षात्रेप (दे) सतत दीक्षित x शौंडा ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>x x x</dd></dl> <dl><dd>धान्य सोम इति क्षत्र गणस्य मध्ये (4)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>... ... ...</dd></dl> <dl><dd>x x किल राज्य जित प्रतापो</dd></dl> <dl><dd>यो राज्यवर्द्धण (न) गुणै कृत नाम धेयः</dd></dl> <dl><dd>x x x</dd></dl> <dl><dd>जातः सुतो करि करायत दीर्घ बाहु ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>नाम्ना स राष्ट्र इति प्रोद्धत पुन्य (पय) कीर्ति (6)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>सोयम यशो भरण भूषित सर्व गात्रः</dd></dl> <dl><dd>प्रोत्फुल पद्मः ......तायत चारु नेत्रः ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>दक्षो दयालु रिह शासित शत्रु पक्षः ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>क्षमां शासति ....यश गुप्त इति क्षितीन्दुः (8)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>तेनेयं भूतधात्री क्रतु मिरिहचिता (पूर्व) श्रंगेव भाति</dd></dl> <dl><dd>प्रासादे रद्रि तुंगैः शशिकर वषुषैः स्थापितेः भूषिताद्य</dd></dl> <dl><dd>नाना दानेन्दु शुभ्रैर्द्विजवर भवनैर्येन लक्ष्मीर्व्विभक्ता ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>x x x स्थित यश वषुशा श्री महाराज गौरः (11)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>यातेषु पंचसु शतेष्वथ वत्सराणाम्</dd></dl> <dl><dd>द्वे विंशतीसम धिकेषु स सप्तकेषु ।।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>माघस्य शुक्ल दिवसे त्वगमत्प्रतिष्ठाम् ।</dd></dl> <dl><dd>प्रोत्फुल्ल कुन्द धवलोज्वलिते दश म्याम् (13)</dd></dl>[/TD]
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गौर लोगों का एक शिला लेख छोटी सादड़ी से दो मील के दूरी पर स्थित पहाड़ पर भ्रमर-माता के मंदिर में पाया गया था. इसकी लिपि ब्रह्मी और भाषा संस्कृत है. पंडित गौरी शंकर हीराचन्द ओझा ने उसे देखा है और नागरी-प्रचारिणी-पत्रिका, भाग 13, अंक 1 में ’गौर क्षेत्रिय वंश’ शीर्षक लेख भी लिखा है. उस घिसे हुए और पुराने लेख की पंक्तियों से इसका मूल पाठ यहाँ दिया गया है.
इन श्लोकों में दो प्रार्थना सम्बन्धी श्लोक हैं. शेष में बताया गया है - महाराज धान्यसोम क्षत्रिय लोगों में प्रसिद्ध राजा थे. उनके पीछे राज्यवर्धन हुये. राज्यवर्धन के पुत्र राष्ट्रों में राष्ट्र-नायक हुये. उनका पुत्र यशगुप्त हुआ. उन गोर नरेश ने संवत 547 माघ सुदी दसमी (ई. 491) को अपने माता-पिता के पुण्य (स्मृति) के निमित्त देवी का मंदिर बनवाया. इस लेख से स्पष्ट है कि छ्ठी शताब्दी में गोरा लोग छोटी सादड़ी में राज करते थे.

डॉ गोपीनाथ शर्मा[SUP][25][/SUP] पर इस शिलालेख के बारे में लिखते हैं कि छोटी सादड़ी जिला चितोडगढ़ का भ्रमरमाता का 17 पंक्तियों का लेख पांचवीं शादी की राजनीतिक स्थिति को समझाने में सहायक है. इसमें गौरवंश तथा औलिकरवंश के शासकों का वर्णन मिलता है. गौर वंश के पुण्यशोभ , राज्यवर्धन, यशोगुप्त आदि शासकों तथा औलिकर वंश के आदित्यवर्द्धन के नाम उपलब्ध हैं. इन शासकों का राज्य चित्तोड़ क्षेत्र तक तथा निकट वर्ती भागों में होने की संभावना इस लेख से प्रमाणित होती है. गौर वंशीय शासकों द्वारा यहाँ माता का मंदिर बनवाया गया जिससे इनकी शाक्त-धर्म के प्रति भक्ति होना दिखाई देता है. प्रस्तुत लेख में अपराजित राजपुत्र गोभट्टपादानुध्यात् पंक्ति बड़े महत्व की है. 'राजपुत्र' शब्दों से किसी भी सामंत का किसी शासक के प्रति सेवाभाव होना प्रमाणित होता है.
नोट - 1. x x किल राज्य जित प्रतापो वाक्य पर ध्यान दिये जाने की आवश्यकता है। इसमें अस्पष्ट शब्द 'किल' होना चाहिए। अगर ऐसा है तो किलकिल राज्य का उल्लेख है। किलकिल एक जाट वंश है।
2. भ्रमर-माता या भवर माता का संबंध भव नाग (290-315 AD) से होना चाहिए।
3. भवारा गोत्र के जाट भी छोटी सादड़ी, चितोडगढ़ में रहते हैं।
 
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Hiatory of Kalkal Clan (Contd)

References -

1. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Parishisht-I, s.n. क-113

2. B S Dahiya:Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study), p.239, s.n.110

3. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III, pp.342, 248

4. Mahendra Singh Arya et al.: Adhunik Jat Itihas, Agra 1998, p. 230

5. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III,p.242


6. Sant Kanha Ram: Shri Veer Tejaji Ka Itihas Evam Jiwan Charitra (Shodh Granth), Published by Veer Tejaji Shodh Sansthan Sursura, Ajmer, 2015. p.158


7. Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India, p.338


8. Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India,pp.338-339


9. Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India/General Index of Nagas, The Ancient Rulers of India,pp.344-345


10. R.C. Majumdar, Ancient India 1962, Hindi Edition p. 253


11. Journal of Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. VII. p. 69


12. Wilson, Edition, p. 380


13. Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers ( A clan study), p. 284


14. D.P. Singhal, India and World Civilisation, Vol. I.p.385


15. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III,p.249


16. Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study)/Jat Clan in India,p.285

17. Sanskrit English Dictionary ( M. Williams) , p. 262


18. Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study)/Appendices/Appendix II, p.323


19. Sandhya Jain:Adideo Arya Devata, A Panoramic view of Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface, Published in 2004 by Rupa & Co, 7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, p.130


20. तर्यङ्गाः केकरकाः परॊष्ठाः परसंचरकास तदा । तदैव विन्ध्यपुलकाः पुलिन्थाः कल्कलैः सह (VI.10.60)

21. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter IV, p. 341


22. जाट वीरों का इतिहास: दलीप सिंह अहलावत, पृष्ठ-248,249

23. जाटों का उत्कर्ष पृ० 330, लेखक योगेन्द्रपाल शास्त्री।

24. ठाकुर देशराज:जाट इतिहास, 1992,पृ.591-592,

25.डॉ गोपीनाथ शर्मा: 'राजस्थान के इतिहास के स्त्रोत', 1983, पृ. 46 -47
 
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History of Charaj Clan

Charaj (चारज)/(चराज) is a Jat gotra in Haryana.

Its origin was not known earlier but a study of Nagavanshi Rulers tells that they have originated from King named Charaja Naga (चरज).

Charaja Naga (चरज नाग) (260-290) (year 30 on coin) was a Nagavanshi king of Bharashiva family in Nava Naga dynasty. [SUP][1][/SUP]
History

Charajkheda (चारजखेड़ा) is a Jat Village in Desh-khap of Tomar Jats located in Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh.

We also find Charaj in the history of village Seria in District Jhajjar (Haryana). Once people of Beri planned a robbery in Seria but their plans leaked out by a Charaj people and Seria villagers got time to prepare themselves and the same thing was conveyed to Beri people also that Seria is ready for fight. People of Seria awarded that Charaj family with one hectare of land at a good location.


Dr Naval Viyogi[SUP][1][/SUP] writes about the Re-establishment of Nagas in Kantipuri: The Bharsivas, in the later days of imperial Kushanas or about 150 A.D. reached Kantipur on the Ganges, they performed there Ashwamedha and coronations at or near Banaras where is located the place known as Nagwa, the present site of the Hindu University seems to be associated with their name. From Kantipur, they moved westwards under Virasena, who strikes coins extensively and whose coins are found from Ahichchhatra, regains Padmavati and Mathura.

Nava Naga (year 27 on his coin) was founder of the Nava Naga Dynasty (140-170 AD) of Bharsiva. Virasena (Year 34 on Coin) was founder of Mathura and Padmavati Branches. (170-210 AD). [SUP][1]

[/SUP]

Nava Nagas Rulers at Kantipuri: [SUP][1]

[/SUP]


References - 1. Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas, the Ancient Rulers of India, p.333,334
 
Satalya clan History

Satalya (सतल्या) Sataliya (सतलिया) Satil/Satila (सातिल) gotra Jats live in Tonk district in Rajasthan. So far I could locate one family of Satalya clan in Nayagaon village of Tonk District.

Origin - Satila originated from King Svatidatta. [SUP][1][/SUP]

History

Tej Ram Sharma[SUP][2][/SUP] describes some names ending in la. He mentions from Udayagiri Cave Inscription of the time of Kumaragupta I of Gupta Year 106 (=A.D. 425) a name such as Samghila, who was a soldier who has been mentioned as an 'Ashvapaty. It is an abbreviated form of the full name 'Samghadatta'. We find Agila (Agnidatta), Satila (Svatidatta), Nagila (Nagadatta), Yakhila (Yaksadatta), Samghila (Samghadatta) in Sanchi Inscriptions.[SUP][3][/SUP].

Tejram Sharma[SUP][4][/SUP] gives details about the kings of Aryavarta defeated by Samudragupta. According to Panini, a polysyllabic name was sometime shortened in order to express affection. Thus in the case of names ending in 'ila' we find:
Devila being derived from Devadatta;
Yajnila and Yajnadatta;
Makhila from Makhadeva;
Agila from Agnidatta ;
Satila from Svatidatta;
Nagila from Nagadatta, and
Yasila, Yakhila from Yaksadatta. Similarly
Matila can be formed from Matideva or Matidatta.

Satila are mentioned by Cunningham[SUP][5][/SUP] in Ashoka period Sanchi Inscriptions at the Buddhist Stupa of Sanchi as under:

No. 98. — Dhara-kinā Sātilasa dānam. "Gift of Santila of Dharaki (? Dharanagara)."

Sataliya, Sataliya Ki Todi are names of villages in Kushalgarh tahsil of Banswara district in Rajasthan.

References -

1Tejram Sharma: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions/Names of Feudatory Kings and High Officers, p.47

2.Tej Ram Sharma: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions/Names of Local Officers,p. 67

3. V S Agarwal, India as Known to Panini,p.191

4.Tejram Sharma: Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions/Names of Feudatory Kings and High Officers, p.47

5. The Bhilsa topes: Inscriptions, P. 250
 
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Savas Jat clan

Sawas (सवास) Savas (सवास) gotra Jats live in Chhoti Sadri tahsil in Chittorgarh district in Rajasthan.

I could find only one family of this Gotra in Chittorgarh district (Rajasthan) in village Jalaudia .

History

V. S. Agrawala[SUP][1][/SUP] writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions janapada Uśīnara (उशीनर) (IV.2.118) - Panini mentions Ushinara as part of Vahika. Panini mentions three divisions of Vahika Country, viz Kekaya, Uśīnara and Madra. Fourth division to be added to Vahika country is Śavasa. Of these Kekaya and Śavasa may be located between Jhelum and Chenab, the first in the south and second in north respectively; Madra and Ushinara between the Chenab and Ravi River in the north and south respectively.

The Divyadana refers to the Shvasas in Uttarapatha with headquarters at Takshasila to which Ashoka was deputed by his father Bindusara as Viceroy to quell their rebellion. The name of Savasa or Shvasa seems to be preserved in in the modern name Chhiba comprising of Punchh, Rajauri and Bhimbhara. In literature Ushinaras are often associated with the Śibis (greek - Siboi) whose chief town Śibipura has been identified with Shorkot in Jhang district.

Reference - 1. V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.53
 
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History of Dadar clan

Dadar (दादर) Dadad (दादड़) Dadiye (दड़िये) Dariye (दड़िये) is gotra of Jats in India and Afghanistan.

Origin

It is said to be originated from mahapurusha Dadad (दादड़). [SUP][1][/SUP]

History

I was reading Behustun Inscription of the King Darius who says: An Armenian named Dâdarši, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.' Then Dâdarši went forth. When he came into Armenia, the rebels assembled and advanced against Dâdarši to give him battle. At a place in Armenia called Zuzza they fought the battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the eighth day of the month Thûravâhara (20 May 521 BC) the battle was fought by them.[SUP][2][/SUP]


Here is the origin of Dadar clan in [URL="https://www.jatland.com/home/D%C3%A2dar%C5%A1i"]Dâdarši from Arminia.

Reference -[/URL] 1. Mahendra Singh Arya et al: Adhunik Jat Itihas, p.256

2.Behustun Inscription, L.26, Revolt of the Armenians
 
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History of Gobara Clan

Gobara (गोबारा) is a gotra of Jats listed but we do not have any history or its distribution.

Behustun Inscription Line (71) reads - King Darius says: The following is what I did in the second and third year of my rule. The province called Elam (Ûvja) revolted from me. An Elamite named Atamaita they made their leader. Then I sent an army unto Elam. A Persian named Gobryas (Gaubaruva), my servant, I made their leader. Then Gobryas set forth with the army; he delivered battle against the Elamites. Then Gobryas destroyed many of the host and that Atamaita, their leader, he captured, and he brought him unto me, and I killed him. Then the province became mine.

This fact from Behustun Inscription reveals that Gobara is of Persian Origin.
 
Jat clans known to Panini

Bhim Singh Dahiya writes: V.S. Agarwala in India as known to Panini mentions many Saka tribes who are now found among the Jats. (Jats the Ancient Rulers (A clan study)/The Jats,p.72-77). I reproduce from Bhim Singh Dahiya as under:


Rishikas: The Puranic Rishikas of the Sakadvipa are mentioned. He also mentions Arjun conquering the Rishikas across the Vakshu (Oxus) river, "which flowed through the Saka country". The Rishikas were later known as Yue-che whose language was called Arsi (Asioi of the Greeks).


Kantha: Agarwala further mentions a number of towns with names ending with Kantha, (the Central Asian-Kand) and comes to the conclusion that these Saka cities in the heart of Punjab in the fifth century B.C., can be explained only by the fact of their arrival in India in pre-Panini times.[SUP]201[/SUP] In the second century B.C. it was a second wave of Sakas which came to India and later on as Kusanas. He has quoted Katyayana to show that Sakandhu and Karkandhu-two kinds of wells of the Sakas may be identified as the stepped well (vāpi) and the Persian wheel named Arghattu well respectively. Thus the Sakas of Central Asia were the originators of the stepped well and the Persian wheel well; just as the Kangs were the originators of the canal system in Central Asia in seventh century B.C. Agarwala has also quoted an authority to show that the name of places/cities, ending with Kand are of Scythian origin. Modern Samarkand, Tashkand, etc. are the examples in Central Asia of such towns.[SUP]202[/SUP]
Gathwala: The well known frontier tribe which fought with the Greeks under Alexander called Katha by the Indians and by Panini and Kathoi by the Greeks are the modern Kathia,
<small> 200. ibid. </small>
<small>201. India as Known to Panini, pp. 68-69. </small>
<small>202. See H.W. Bailey, ASLCA, Transactions of Philological Society, 1945, pp.22-23. </small>
[Page-73]: Gathwala Jats.[SUP]203
[/SUP]
Vrika: Another important tribe of the Jats mentioned by Panini is Vrika.[SUP]204[/SUP] He has identified the Vrikas with the Persian Varkana mentioned in the Behistun inscription of Darius[SUP]205[/SUP] and Varka in the plural form, of the expression Saka Hauma Varka. The country of the Vrikas was called Virkania, (Hyrcania by the Greeks) and was situated on the north of Parthia and East of Caspian Sea. The Persians considered them as Sakas (see Persepolis Tomb inscription). Agarwala also states that in Afghanistan area the word is written as Werk or Wurk. As he rightly mentions, the Virks are a section of the Jats in the Punjab who were originally Scythians.[SUP]206[/SUP] This name of the Jats is still existing and their mention by Panini takes their antiquity to fifth century B.C., the period of Panini.

Kundu and Dandha: A couple of Jat tribes are also mentioned in Kasika. While mentioning the six members constituting the Trigarta confederacy, the Kasika identifies two tribes as Kaundoparatha and Dandaki. Their modern descendants are still called by these names and they are the Kundu and Dandha Jats in India.
 
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Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

Parsawal: The Parsvah of Panini are the modern Parsawal Jats. V.S. Agarwala quotes Rig Veda (VIII, 6, 46) to show that they were known at that time also.[SUP]207[/SUP] His identification of Paravah with the Persians may well be correct but it only shows the long association of the Parswal Jats with Iran.

Maharajaki: Yet another tribe of the Jats called Maharajaki are also mentioned by V.S Agarwala. The Maharajki Jats of Moga area, whose coins have also been found in the same area are physically robust and opposed to subordination.[SUP]208
[/SUP]
Indianisation of the Sakas: It is important to note that deliberate and systematic efforts were made to assimilate the Jats into Brahmanical fold on their arrival in India as conquerors. The famous Vrata Stomas were specifically prescribed for Indianisation of the foreigner Sakas. As mentioned by Agarwala these Stomas were very easy to perform and seem to be a mere formality, so that the foreigners who became overlords of the country may be Hinduised under priestly power. A further process in the same direction was taken by deliberate
<small> 203. op. cit., pp. 1-5. </small>
<small>204. ibid., p. 77. </small>
<small>205. ibid. </small>
<small>,,06. ibid., p. 444. </small>
<small>207. Rig Veda, VIII. 6,46. </small>
<small>208. Punjab Gazetteer, Vol. T, p. 453. </small>
[Page-74]: attempts at Sanskritisation of their clan name. It was under these processes that the Solgis were called Suliks/Saulikas in the Puranas, etc. The clan name Pawar was similarly changed into Parmar but the most important clan which was thus changed was the Sahrawat.

Sahrawat: The process under which the Persian title "Satrap" was Sanskritised into "Ksatrapa," was applied to Sahrawat also and this important clan of the Jats was written as Ksaharat (क्षहरात). The well known western Satraps of Saurastra, Kathiawar, Gujrat, Ujjain, Mathura, etc. belonged to this clan.

The great Satraps, Chaṣṭan and Rudradaman belonged to the Sahrawat clan of the Jats. Mr Bansi Lal, former Defence Minister of India belongs to this clan. [SUP]208[/SUP]. It is well known to the historians that this clan of the Jats was ruling western central India for about 500 years and it was another Jat clan, namely, Dharan, misnamed as Guptas, who under Chandragupta II, Vikramaditya, incorporated these states under central rule.

Kśaharāt : The first letter in both the words Satrap and Saharavat is 'S' and when these words became common in India, both these words were Sanskritised by changing the initial 'S' into 'Ksa' (ar). Therefore the clan name was written as Kśaharāta. But it is a matter of gratification that the Jats have retained almost all their clan names in their original form, and Saharavat is still written and spoken as such. The suffix, wat, is only partly Indianised and it may be original also.
 
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Jat clans known to Panini

Gurlawat: We find that another Jat clan is called Gurlet in Central Asia, whereas it is called Gurlawat in India. The Kśaharāt and Sahrawat difference can be explained on this analogy. It is worth noting that E.J. Rapson while mentioning the coins of Satrap Bhumaka, writes both these words with an initial 'Ch' in Kharoshhi script and with an initial 'Ksa' in the Brahmi script.[SUP]209[/SUP] A reference to Sten Konow's article will be illuminating. First of all, Konow mentions that the Kusanas were in reality Sakas. While stating this Konow seems to have been dragged into the unnecessary controversy about the difference between the Sakas, Kushanas, Yue-che, etc.[SUP]210[/SUP] This controversy is quite futile and needless. There was no difference between
<small> 208a. On further enquiry, it is learnt that the clan of Mr Bansi Lal is, not Sahrawat, but Legha (cf James Legge, author of "A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms by Fa-hien" Oxford, 1886) </small>
<small>209. In JRAS, 1904, p. 372. </small>
<small>210. His article in IHQ. 1938, Vol. XIV, p. 137. </small>
[Page-75]: these people called by various names. The main point however, that we want to refer to, is the belated and futile attempt by Dr Banerji and Jayaswal to Sanskritise the name of Nahapāṇa into Nahavana or Nakhapana or Nabhahpana. Konow has ably refuted the theories of Dr Banerji and Jayaswal by pointing out that Nahapana is an Iranian word meaning, "people protecting".[SUP]211[/SUP] His son-in-law was also named as Usavadata who was son of Dinaka. In the first name the last syllable is 'Data' meaning "Law". And the second name Dinaka is formed from the Persian word "Deena" meaning "religion", from which the modern 'Din' of Din-e-Ilahi of Akbar has been derived. Similarly the name of another Satrap, viz., Chaṣṭan (चष्टान) is also of Iranian origin. It may be related to Pusto word "Chastan" meaning "Master".


Therefore, we see that the names of the Satraps as well as the title itself, are not of Indian origin, despite the efforts made earlier and now, to Sanskritise the same. It is interesting to note that when the Muslims came to India, they took the title of Sultan. But in the Indian records these Muslim Sultans of Delhi were called Sakas and Turushkas and their title was written as Suratrana or Svararatana. Even the name Mohammad was written as Mahamanda. So this process of Sanskritising the foreign name continued even up to the Mughal period (seethe inscription of 1335 V.S. found at Boher, district Rohtak). [SUP]212
[/SUP]
Therefore the Jat clan Sahravat was sought to be Sanskritised perhaps deliberately and with intention. We find that there is no clan name called Kshaharata in any section of the Indian population. Sten Konow'S idea that it may be a title is not correct.[SUP]213[/SUP] Sahravat is not a title but a clan name, originally written as Sahrauta. They now hold 24 villages in Gurgaon district, including the town of Hodal.

The Kangs: The Kang Jats are also a clan of remote antiquity. They are mentioned as early as seventh century B.C. The Chinese mention them as, Kiang-nu. R. Sankrityayana says that the Kangs were branch of Massagetae. [SUP]214[/SUP] He traces the word Massagetae from Massaga which in turn is taken from Mahasaka. In the Ramayana

<small> 211. JRAS, 1906, p. 211. </small>
<small>212. JASB, Vol. VLIII, pt. I, p. 108 and EI, Vol. XX, p.79. </small>
<small>213. Op. cit. </small>
<small>214. MAKI, p. 75; also see Bergermann, Les Scythes. </small>

 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

[Page 76]: the Mahi-Sakas are mentioned with Rishikas.[SUP]215[/SUP] Kasika on Panini says: ऋषिकेषु जात आर्षिक:, महिषिकेषु जात: महिषिक (Arshikas are born of Rishikas and Mahi-Sakas are born of Mahishikas). This also establishes the connection of the Massagetae, viz., the great Jats with the Sakas. About the Kangs, R. Sankritayayana says that the founders of the canal system in Central Asia were the ancestors of the Kangs, viz., Massagetae.[SUP]216[/SUP] These canals of the Jats in Central Asia are now being excavated by the Russians. The ancient canals are practically intact, only filled with sand of the nearby deserts. Numerous cities of the Kangs are being uncovered. Coins, images, and even inscriptions of the Kang language have been found in Toprak Kala.[SUP]217

[/SUP]

These findings refute the theories of the barbaric nature and nomadic living habits of the Jats in Central Asia. Cities, languages, coins, images and canals, presuppose a well settled population in seventh century B.C. Of course, as is well known, the Jats had only two professions, viz., war or fighting and agriculture-cum-cattle breeding. That is why they had dug up a huge canal system for irrigation and that is why they had developed the stepped well and the Persian wheel well are mentioned by Agarwala.[SUP]218[/SUP] Of course, for grazing the cattle, the people used to cover extensive areas. This habit is still there and we find huge herds of cows, etc., coming to U.P., Haryana and Punjab areas from Jodhpur, Jaisalmer side almost every year during the dry seasons. Therefore, although a large portion of the population was definitely settled in villages and cities, a fairly large section were constantly on the move with their cows and horses and of course, their arms.


According to MAKI, the canals laboriously constructed by the Messagetae were covered by sand in 5th century A.D. or later. These were constructed prior to Akhamenian Empire or Persia and the Kangs refused to be defeated by Cyrus the Great. These canals are now lying in the womb of the desert of Kizilkun. [SUP]219[/SUP] The same author says that Yue-che were linguistically Sakas. Further, Wusun, Saiwang, Kang and Parthian (Pahlva) are dialects
<small> 215. Kishkindha Kanda, 41.10. अब्रवंतीम् अवंतीम् च सर्वम् एव अनुपश्यत । विदर्भान् ऋष्टिकान् चैव रम्यान् माहिषकान् अपि ॥४-४१-१०॥ </small>
<small>216. op. cit. </small>
<small>217. ibid., p. 162, and Archaeology in USSR. </small>
<small>218. op. cit. </small>
<small>219. MAKI, p. 160. </small>
[Page-77]: of Saka language.[SUP]220[/SUP] That is why the Chinese traveller, Changkian writes that from Fargana to Parthia, the same language was spoken.[SUP]221[/SUP] Parthian was in fact a minor Saka tribe and helped by the Kangs and other clans, the Parthians established their empire up to Caspian sea.[SUP]222[/SUP] It was during this Parthian Empire that many Sakas from the Yue-che lands were established in Eastern Iran and the area of their settlement was named after them as Sakasthan, modern Siestan. That is why the Sakas and , the Parthians, though bitterly fighting among themselves outside and inside India also, were treating each other as brothers during peace time. After the start of the Christian era, they gave many royal houses to India such as the Sahravat, the Kasvans, the Dharan (Guptas), etc. And it is not only to India that they gave such royal dynasties. At least three dynasties of China were established by these people. As is well known, a number of Chinese ladies were married by these people and for centuries this process was continued. It was due to the mixing of Chinese blood in this manner that these people acquired in the later periods of history some Mongoloid features.
 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

History of Kamboja (कंबोज)

In Jats they are called Kamedia. [SUP][1][/SUP]

V. S. Agrawala[SUP][2][/SUP] writes that The Janapadas known to Panini include: Kamboja (कंबोज) (IV.1.175). Gandhara, Kapisha, Balhika and Kamboja are four janapadas mentioned by Panini in Ashtadhyayi (IV.1.175) of which relative positions is to be understood clearly.

The Harsha Charita of Bana/Chapter II mentions The Visit of Bana to the King Harshavardhana....The doorkeeper, having come up and saluted him, addressed him respectfully in a gentle voice, "Approach and enter, his highness is willing to see you." Then Bana entered, as he directed, saying, "I am indeed happy that he thinks me worthy of this honour." He next beheld a stable filled with the king's favourite horses from Vanayu, Aratta, Kamboja, Bharadvaja, Sindh, and Persia....

Rajatarangini[SUP][3][/SUP] tells that king of Kashmir Lalitaditya, finding that almost all the kings had been conquered, turned towards the north, and had to fight his way with the haughty kings in that direction. He robbed the king of Kamvoja of his horses. In the mountains of Bhuskhāra the horses of the king became excited at the sight of the horse-faced women of the country.


काम्बोज - इन चन्द्रवंशज जाट लोगों का राज्य आज के अफगानिस्तान पर था जो महाभारत काल में काम्बोज देश कहलाता था। (महाभारत सभापर्व)। (जाटों का उत्कर्ष, पृ० 18, लेखक कविराज योगेन्द्रपाल शास्त्री)। काम्बोज नरेश सुदक्षिण अपनी एक अक्षौहिणी सेना के साथ दुर्योधन की ओर होकर महाभारत युद्ध में लड़ा था।[SUP] [4]


1. Mahendra Singh Arya et al.: Adhunik Jat Itihas, Agra 1998, p. 231

2. V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.48

3. Rajatarangini of Kalhana:Kings of Kashmira/Book IV,p. 69

4. Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III, Page 291
[/SUP]
 
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Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

V. S. Agrawala writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions Prakaṇva (प्रकण्व) (VI.1.153), a corollary to Praskaṇva, which is a country (Ferghana). Herodotus calls it Parikanioi as people, who are said to have formed part of empire of Darius . Prakaṇva was situated immediately to north of Kamboja or Pamir region. (India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.49)

Prakanva / Prakaṇva (प्रकण्व) Ashtadhyayi of Panini (VI.1.153) is Fergana is a city, the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan. It was homeland of Dahiya.

Dahiya: - Krishna Chander Dahiya writes that He comes from village Matindu near Kharkhoda in district Sonipat, Haryana. Matindu is about 800 years old. Dahiyas of Matindu village came from Sisana, which is head village of Dahiyas. All 42 villages of Rohtak/Sonipat area spread from Barona. They came to Barona from Dadrerra/Hatra/Churu-Ganganagar. They lived there for long time. There Dahiyas came from Dahiya Barr near Harappa situated between Multan and Sialkot. Dahiya Jats came there about 400 AD or beyond. They came to Dahiya Bad (दहिया बड़) from Susa/Suss/Iranian cities. They came to Susa from Dahia near Fergana before 3300-3500 BC. [SUP][1][/SUP]
 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

Gandhara (गान्धार) or Gandhar (गान्धार) gotra Jats are found in Agra district. Found in villages Bichpuri of Agra district.

V. S. Agrawala[SUP][1][/SUP] writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions Gandhāra (गंधार) - which extended from Kabul Valley to Taxila. Two towns of Gandhāra mentioned are - Takshasila, its eastern capital and Pushkalavati western. The Greeks refer to it as Peucelaotes (modern Charsadda, situated near the junction of the Swat with the Kabul). Pushkala refers to people of this region. The country between the Rivers Suvastu and Gauri was known as Uḍḍiyāna.

Ram Swarup Joon[SUP][2][/SUP] writes...Gandhara, son of Arh, founded Gandhar (Kandhar) and it was his capital. Gaindhu, Gaindha, Gaindhals and, Gandhara are gotras found amongst the Muslim Jats in large numbers in the Western Punjab. They all trace their origin from Quandhar. In Aligarh district are found some Hindus belonging to Gaindhar gotra. The ruins of one Gandhara fort were found in Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Gandhari, mother of Duryodhana, belonged to this dynasty. Kshatriyas of this clan have been mentioned in the Mahabharat. In Nowshera there is a barren area called Gandhara Mound. Among the Sikh Jats there are some that are called Gaindhrawal or Gaindhar


References 1. V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.49
2. Ram Swarup Joon: History of the Jats/Chapter V,p. 83-84
 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

Sindhu is an ancient Jat gotra. Dilip Singh Ahlawat has mentioned it as one of the ruling Jat clans in Central Asia. They were also called Sindi (Sindicar of Herodotus)

This gotra seems to have originated from Sindhu Janapada of Mahabharata period. [SUP][1][/SUP]

Tej Ram Sharma[SUP][2][/SUP] writes....The term Sindhu was corrupted to Hindu in the old Persian inscriptions of Darius I (516-485 B. C.), and to Indus by the Ionian (=Panini's Yavana) Greeks. [SUP][3][/SUP] The word 'India' is derived from the river Sindhu or the Indus. Taking its rise from the snows of Western Kailasa in Tibet, the Sindhu first flows north-west of Kashmir and South of little Pamir, and then takes a southward course along which lay some of the important cities of north India. Emerging from the Darad high-lands, the river (Daradi Sindhuh) enters the Gandhara country until it receives its most important western tributary the Kabul river at Ohind, a few miles north of Attock. [SUP][3]

V. S. Agrawala[SUP][3][/SUP] writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions janapada Sindhu. Sindhu was originally the name of a river which gave its name to the country. The term Sindhu was corrupted to Hi(n)du in old Persian Inscriptions of Darius I (516-485 BC) and to Indus by Ionian (=Panini's Yavana) Greeks. Sindhu as janapada may be identified with Sind-Sagar Doab, the region between Jhelum and Indus. Most of it is now sandy desert of Thal.

References - 1. Mahendra Singh Arya et al: Adhunik Jat Itihas, p. 282
2. Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions/Names of the Rivers and the Mountains,p.296
3. V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.50[/SUP]
 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

Sauvira (सौवीर) is a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata (V.72.14), (VI.10.52),(V.19.19),(V.72.14),(VI.18.13), (VI.20.10),(VI.112.108).

The kingdom of Sauvira was founded by Prince Suvira, one of the sons of Sivi. The neighboring kingdoms of Madra, Kekaya, and Sindhu belonged to Madraka, Kekaya, and Vrsadarbh, the other three sons of Sivi.

[h=2]Ancestry of Suvira[/h]Yayati → Anu → Sabhanara → Kalanara → Janamejaya → Maha Shala → Mahamanas → (1.Ushinara + 2.Titiksha)



[h=2]Jat clans from Sauvira[/h]

[h=2]History[/h]V. S. Agrawala writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions janapada Sauvīra (सौवीर) (IV.1.148). Panini mentions Sauvira and gives valuable social history of the region.It was home of many Gotras - Phāṇṭahṛiti, Mimata, Bhāgavitti, Tārṇabindava, Akaśapeya, Yamunda and Suyāmā. Bhāgavitti may be identified with the present Bugti tribe on the northern border of Sind. Panini mentions Śarakarā (modern Sukkur on the Indus) as a town (IV.2.83). Pali literature mentions Rauruka (modern Rori in Upper Sind as the capital of Sauvira. (V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.50)
 
Jat clans known to Panini (Contd)

Bhakar (भाकर) Bhakkar (भाकर) Bhaskar (भास्कर) Bhaskara (भास्कर) Bhakhar (भाखर) Bhankhar (भांखर) Bhankal (भांकल)/Bhakaria (भाकरिया) is gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.

Origin - It may have originated from janapada Apakara (अपकर) mentioned in Ashtadhyayi of Panini which has been Identified with Bhakkar in Pakistan.

Another source tells that Bhakar Gotra is said to have originated from Nagavanshi ruler Prabhakara (प्रभाकर). [SUP][1][/SUP]


History - V. S. Agrawala[SUP][2][/SUP] writes that Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions janapada Apakara (अपकर) - Identified with Bhakkar in Mianwali district.

In Mahabharata - Mahabharata mentions Parabhakara (परभाकर) in verse (I.35.15), Bhaskara in verse (XIV.8.15). Prabhakara (प्रभाकर) as a Nagavanshi King is mentioned in verse (I.31.15).

Adi Parva, Mahabharata/Mahabharata Book I Chapter 31 mentions Names of Chief Nagas. Prabhakara (प्रभा कर) is included in verse (I.31.15). [SUP][3][/SUP]

Aswamedha Parva, Mahabharata/Book 14 Chapter 8 mentions about Bhaskar as protectors of gold mines of Kuvera on peak named Munjaban on the summits of the Himalaya mountains. [SUP][4][/SUP]


References

1. Mahendra Singh Arya et al: Adhunik Jat Itihas, p. 273

2. V. S. Agrawala: India as Known to Panini, 1953, p.51

3. कुञ्जरः कुररश चैव तथा नागः प्रभा करः, कुमुदः कुमुदाक्षश च तित्तिरिर हलिकस तथा, कर्कराकर्करौ, चॊभौ कुण्डॊदर महॊदरौ (I.31.15)

4. हरि केशाय मुण्डाय कृशायॊत्तारणाय च ।भास्कराय सुतीर्दाय देवदेवाय रंहसे Mahabharata । (XIV.8.15)
 
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